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-Assistant US Attorney Maria Murphy - USA vs Bruce Michael Orr
CF360 has been conducting cyberstalking investigations for celebrities and private citizens since 1996. Whether a cyber stalker or a cellular stalker, CF360 specialists will help identify person(s) who use the power of the internet and technology to attack their victims electronically. One such case involved the professional female wrestler Kia Michelle Stevens known as Amazing Kong. The unknown harasser used a cellular telephone and a blocked number to verbally attack Kia Stevens repeatedly. Read more...
Cyberstalking. Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet, email or other electronic communications to stalk, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious behaviors. Cyberstalking may be considered the most dangerous of the three types of Internet harassment, based on a posing credible threat of harm. Sanctions range from misdemeanors to felonies.
Cyberharassment. Cyberharassment differs from cyberstalking in that it is generally defined as not involving a credible threat. Cyberharassment usually pertains to threatening or harassing email messages, instant messages, or to blog entries or websites dedicated solely to tormenting an individual. Some states approach cyberharrassment by including language addressing electronic communications in general harassment statutes, while others have created stand-alone cyberharassment statutes.
Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are sometimes used interchangeably, but for the purposes of this chart, cyberbullying is used for electronic harassment or bullying among minors within a school context. Recent cyberbullying legislation reflects a trend of makaing school districts the policy enforcers of such misconduct. As a result, statutes establish the infrastructure for schools to handle this issue by amending existing school anti-bullying policies to include cyberbullying or electronic harassment among school age children. The majority of these state laws establish sanctions for all forms of cyberbullying on school property, school busses and official school functions. However, some have also extended sanctions to include cyberbullying activities that originate off-campus, believing that activities off-campus can have a chilling and disruptive effect on children's learning environment. The sanctions for cyberbullying range from school/parent interventions to misdemeanors and felonies with detention, suspension, and expulsion in between. Some of these laws promote Internet safety education or curricula that covers cyberbullying.
State/Territory |
Cyberstalking |
Cyberharassment |
Cyberbullying |
Alabama |
Ala. Code § 13A-11-8 |
Ala. Code § 16-28B-3(2) |
|
Alaska |
Alaska Stat. §§ 11.41.260, 11.41.270 |
||
Arizona |
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-2921 |
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § |
|
Arkansas |
Ark. Code § 5-41-108 |
Ark. Code § 5-41-108 | Ark. Code §§ 5-71-217, 6-18-514 |
California |
Cal. Penal Code §§ 422, 653.2, 653m | Cal. Ed. Code §§ 32261, 32265, 32270, 48900 | |
Colorado |
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-9-111 | Colo. Rev. Stat. § 22-32-109.1 (2)(a)(X) | |
Connecticut |
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-182b, 53a-183 | ||
Delaware |
Del. Code tit. 11 § 1311 | Del. Code tit. 14 § 4112D | |
Florida |
Fla. Stat. § 784.048 |
Fla. Stat. § 784.048 | Fla. Stat. § 1006.147 |
Georgia |
Georgia Code § 16-5-90 |
Georgia Code § 20-2-751.4 | |
Hawaii |
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 711-1106 | ||
| Idaho | Idaho Stat. §§ 18-7905, 18-7906 | Idaho Stat. § 18-917A | |
Illinois |
720 ILCS §§ 135/1-2, 135/1-3, 135/2 | 105 ILCS §§ 5/27-13.3 | |
Indiana |
Ind. Code § 35-45-2-2 | ||
Iowa |
Iowa Code § 708.7 | Iowa Code § 208.28 | |
Kansas |
Kan. Stat. § 21-3438 |
Kan. Stat. § 72-8256 | |
| Kentucky | Ky. Rev. Stat. § 525.080(1)(c) | ||
Louisiana |
La. Rev. Stat. §§ 14:40.2, 14:40.7, 17:416.13, Children's Code Art. 730(11) | ||
Maine |
Me. Rev. Stat. tit 17A § 210A (see 2007 Me. Laws, Ch. 685, sec. 3) | ||
Maryland |
|
Md. Code tit. 3 § 3-805 | Md. Code, Ed. Law § 7-424, 7-424.1 |
Massachusetts |
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 265 § 43 |
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 265 § 43A | Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 71 § 370 |
Michigan |
Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.411s | ||
Minnesota |
Minn. Stat. § 609.749 |
Minn. Stat. § 609.795 | Minn. Stat. § 121A.0695 |
Mississippi |
Miss. Code § 97-29-45 | Miss. Code §§ 37-11-67, 37-11-69 | |
Missouri |
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.225 |
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.090 | Mo. Rev. Stat. § 160.775 |
Montana |
Mont. Code Ann. § 45-5-220 |
Mont. Code Ann. § 45-8-213 | |
| Nebraska | Neb. Rev. Stat. § 79-2,137 | ||
Nevada |
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.575 |
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 392.915 | |
New Hampshire |
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 644:4 | N.H. Rev. Stat. §§ 193-F:2 et seq. | |
| New Jersey | N.J. Stat. § 2C:12-10, 2C:12-10.1 * | 2010 A.B. 3466, P.L. 2010, Ch. 122, N.J. Stat. §§ 18A:37-14, 18A:37-15.1 |
|
| New Mexico |
N.M. Stat. § 30-3A-3 * | ||
New York |
New York Penal Law § 240.30 | New York Education Law § 814 | |
North Carolina |
N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-196.3 |
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-196(b) | N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-458.1, 115C-407.15-17 |
North Dakota |
|
N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-17-07 | |
Ohio |
Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.211 |
Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2917.21(A),2913.01(Y) | |
Oklahoma |
Okla. Stat. tit. 21 § 1173 |
Okla. Stat. tit. 21 § 1172 | Okla. Stat. tit. 70 § 24-100.4 |
Oregon |
Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 163.730 to 163.732 |
Or. Rev. Stat. § 166.065 | Or. Rev. Stat. § 339.351 et seq. |
Pennsylvania |
Pa. Cons. Stat. tit. § 18 2709.1 |
Pa. Cons. Stat. tit. 18 § 2709(a), 2709(f) | 24 P.S. § 13-1303.1-A |
Rhode Island |
R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-52-4.2 |
R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-52-4.2 | R.I. Gen. Laws § 16-21-26 |
South Carolina |
S.C. Code §§ 16-3-1700(C), 16-3-1700(F) |
S.C. Code §§ 16-3-1700(B), 16-3-1700(C), 16-17-430 | S.C. Code §§ 59-63-110 to 59-63-150 |
South Dakota |
S.D. Cod. Laws § 22-19A-1 |
S.D. Cod. Laws § 49-31-31 | |
Tennessee |
Tenn. Code § 39-17-315 |
Tenn. Code § 39-17-308 | |
Texas |
Tx. Penal Code § 33.07 | ||
Utah |
Utah Code § 76-5-106.5 |
Utah Code § 76-9-201 |
Utah Code § 76-9-201 |
Vermont |
Vt. Stat. tit. 13 § 1027 | ||
Virginia |
Va. Code § 18.2-60 |
Va. Code § 18.2-152.7:1 | Va. Code § 22.1-279.6 |
Washington |
Wash. Rev. Code §§ 9A.46.020,10.14.020 | Wash. Rev. Code § 28A.300.285 | |
West Virginia |
|
W. Va. Code § 61-3C-14a | |
Wisconsin |
Wis. Stat. § 947.0125 |
||
Wyoming |
Wyo. Stat. § 6-2-506 |
Wyo. Stat. §§ 21-4-311 to 21-4-315 | |
Territories: |
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| Guam | X.G.C.A. tit. 9 §§ 19.69, 19.70 | X.G.C.A. tit. 9 §§ 19.69, 19.70 |